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Paul Jennings (slave)
Paul Jennings (1799–1874) was a personal servant, as a young slave, to President James Madison during and after his White House years. After buying his freedom in 1845 from Daniel Webster, Jennings is noted for publishing in 1865 the first White House memoir. His book was ''A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison'', described as "a singular document in the history of slavery and the early American republic."〔Annette Gordon-Reed, "Foreword", to Elizabeth Dowling Talyor, ''A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons,'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012〕
Living in Washington, DC from 1837 on, Jennings made many useful connections and was aided by the northern Senator Daniel Webster in gaining freedom. In the 1850s, Jennings traveled to Virginia, where he tracked down his children, who had grown up on a neighboring plantation with his late wife Fanny, also a slave. His relatives on his mother's side were sold by the widow Dolley Madison with Montpelier in 1844. His three sons joined the Union cause during the American Civil War. In 2009 his descendants were honored at Montpelier following a lecture on Jennings. They were also invited to a private viewing at the White House of the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington, which Jennings helped save during the War of 1812 and the British burning of the Capitol.
==Early life and education==
Jennings was born into slavery at Montpelier in 1799; his mother, who was African-Native American, was held by the Madisons.〔 She told the boy his father was Benjamin Jennings, an English trader. The mixed-race slave as a child was a companion to Dolley's son Payne Todd.〔Gordon-Reed (2012), "Foreword"〕 He began to serve James Madison as his footman and later was trained as his "body servant".〔 At the age of 10, Jennings accompanied Madison and his family to the White House after the statesman's election as president.〔 In his 1865 memoir, he noted that the East Room was yet unfinished from the first construction, most of the Washington streets were unpaved, and the city was "a dreary place" in those years.〔
In 1814 during the Burning of Washington, as British troops were approaching the White House, Jennings at age 15, with two other men, reportedly helped save the noted Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington known as the ''Lansdowne portrait''. Other White House slaves helped save such valuables as silver. (The portrait was returned to the White House, where it is the only surviving item from before the War of 1812.) Legend has it that he assisted First Lady Dolley Madison in this effort. In his memoir, Jennings wrote that a French cook and one other person did the physical work of taking down the painting.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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